The aim of this research work was to formulate and assess 1% w/v carbopol gels consisting of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) of a poorly water soluble drug, Itraconazole (ITZ) for topical delivery. SLN were prepared by hot homogenization technique by varying the concentration of Dynasan 118, Phosphatidylcholine, and Polysorbate 80. The formulations were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, DSC, FTIR and PXRD studies. The in vitro release (dialysis membrane) and ex vivo permeation studies (rat skin) were performed using Franz diffusion cells for 24 h. Drug stability studies were conducted at 4oC and RT at 75% RH. The gels were evaluated for rheological behaviour and drug permeation studies through rat skin. The optimized formulation (F3) showed a drug release of 83.4% and drug permeation of 1173 μg/cm2 at the end of 24 h. Further incorporation of F3 in a gel system (F3A) showed better drug permeability and good consistency. The results suggest that the SLN system could be proposed as an innovative carrier system to administer itraconazole topically for antifungal therapy.
Benzotriazole (I) has been prepared by reacting ortho phenylene diamine with Sodium nitrite in presence of glacial acetic acid at 850C. N1–ethylacetate derivative of Benzotriazole (II) was synthesized by reacting the Benzotriazole (I) with ethyl acetate in dry acetone solvent and in presence of anhydrous Potassium carbonate. N-Hydrazine hydrate derivative of Benzotriazole (III) were synthesized by reacting the ethyl acetate derivative of Benzotriazole with hydrazine hydrate. Newly synthesized Benzotriazole derivatives of Aromatic Aldehydes (IVc,d) and aromatic ketones (IV a, b ) were prepared by reacting the Hydrazine hydrate derivative of Benzotriazole with 4–OH Benzaldehyde, N, N –dimethyl amino Benzaldehyde, Acetophenone and benzophenone in methanol and these synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR and NMR spectras. Which were purified by recrystallisation and column chromatography. The conformed compounds were evaluated for anti convulsant activity using phenytoin as standard by MES method.
Keywords Benzotriazole, Dry acetone, Hydrazine hydrate, Anti convulsant
3.
DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF LAMIVUDINE FLOATING HOLLOW MICROSPHERES
The aim of this study was to Formulate and Evaluate once daily dosage form of Lamivudine Floating Hollow Microspheres to prolong the drug release, producing a desired blood level of drug, reduction in drug toxicity and improving the patient compliance by prolonging the dosing intervals. The formulation of floating microbads was prepared by various concentrations of gelatin and span 80, tween 80 with liquid paraffin and formaldehyde. Lamivudine loaded gelatin floating hollow Microspheres were prepared by Emulsion Polymerization Technique. The formulation was characterized for its particle size, shape, micromeritics properties, percentage drug loading, percentage drug entrapment efficiency and In vitro drug release studies. The process induced the formation of microspheres with the Entrapment efficiency of 85.27% to 92.11%.The effect of concentration of Gelatin, Span 80, Tween 80 was evaluated with respect to entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface characteristics and in vitro release behaviors. The compatibility between drug and polymer was confirmed by Infrared spectroscopic study. The release studies were studied upto 24 hrs and LM2 possess expected desired cumulative sustained release pattern (i.e., 88.63% at the end of 24 hours). The in vitro release data were fit to Peppa’s kinetic model to explain release profiles. The correlation coefficient value (r=0.9932) indicates the kinetic of drug release obeys zero order and the diffusion exponent value n is 0.860 which shows the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non Fickian release. The result concludes that the formulation could be best alternate for the available Lamivudine tablets.
Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. In India, Pharma packaging today absorb a major portion of the overall drugs market. Earlier, it was focused exclusively on preserving the quality of enclosed medication. The Pharmaceutical industry is the perfect place to show some advancement in packaging. In most industries, product packaging is a means of protecting and preserving items and communicating marketing and regulatory information to consumers. In the pharmaceutical industry, possibly above all others, efficient and intelligent packaging has much more potential which includes, Compliance Packaging, Anti counterfeit packaging etc. Keeping drugs secure from young children while ensuring user-friendliness to seniors is one of the main objectives of pharmaceutical packaging companies. Self-filling a syringe can be a burdensome process, which is not only time-consuming but can also result in erroneous dosages and spillages. The use of prefilled syringes introduced both convenience and accuracy to self-administered drugs. Some more advancement includes, Talk Pack-Wipac. Talk Pack does not require any RFID or microchips. On top of images and texts the dot code is printed using a unique varnish. This know-how can be used with all printing technologies and package types. NFC tags are added to any packaging so a consumer could touch the code on the packaging with their NFC-enabled mobile phone which can be played back on his/her handset. It also provide spoken dosage instructions from pharmacy staff, to abet a visually impaired or blind person. In most of the cases robotics are utilized to automate the existing manual process such as loading a cartoners, horizontal form fill seal machines or blister machines. In such cases, the advantages include increased speed, efficiency and as increase to overall equipment effectiveness, other added advantages may include, low cost, reduced injury and eliminating re-work. Robots extremely accurate and repeatable and operate 24/7 with options like vision and line tracking.
ABSTRACT To evaluate the effect of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) in glycemic control among the Diabetic Nephropathy patients. A cross sectional study was done among the type 2 diabetics presenting consecutively to a diabetes specialty hospital with Diabetic Nephropathy. 35 patients were studied over a period of five months Patients were subjected to the clinical and laboratory investigations. The patient had average age of 57.1 years and the average duration of diabetes mellitus was 9.35 years and patients are grouped into two as ACEI and ARB. Both the groups are also treated for glycemic control with Gliclazide-Metformin combination (48.57%) and Glimepride-Metformin combination (28.57%) & others (22.86%). We found that at initial visit, average Blood Glucose (F) was 132mg/dl & 134mg/dl and Average Blood Glucose (PP) was 211mg/dl & 226mg/dl in ACEI & ARB groups respectively. The Initial average HbA1c values are 8.33 % & 8.71 % in ACEI & ARB groups respectively. On subsequent visits it is found to be reduced to 127mg/dl & 115mg/dl of Blood Glucose (F) and 208mg/dl & 189mg/dl of Blood Glucose (PP) in both groups respectively and HbA1c is also found to be reduced to 8.17 and 7.08 in both groups respectively. Thus we conclude that among the two groups ARB group has significant effect on glycemic control compared to ACEI group.
The origin of nanotechnology is often associated with the talk given by Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”. In this talk, Feynman discusses the possibilities (i.e., in principle) of what is now commonly referred to as nanotechnology and how its advancement could potentially generate an enormous number of technical applications. Doctors today can’t affect molecules in one cell while leaving identical molecules in a neighboring cell untouched because medicine today cannot apply surgical control to the molecular level. There are opportunities to design nanosized, bioresponsive systems able to diagnose and then deliver drugs, and systems able to promote tissue regeneration and repair (in disease, trauma and aging), circumventing chemotherapy. The long term goal is the development of novel and revolutionary bimolecular machine components that can be assembled and form multi-degree-of freedom nano devices that will apply forces and manipulate objects in the nanoworld, transfer information from the nano to the macro world, and travel in the nano environment. These machines are expected to be highly efficient, controllable, economical in mass production, and fully operational with minimal supervision. The emerging field of medical nanorobotics is aimed at overcoming these shortcomings. Molecular manufacturing can construct a range of medical instruments and devices with greater abilities. Ongoing developments in molecular fabrication, computation, sensors and motors will enable the manufacturing of nanorobots. These are theoretical nanoscale biomolecular machine systems within a size range of 0.5 to 3 microns with 1-100 nm parts. Work in this area is still largely theoretical, and no artificial non biological nanorobots have yet been built. These ultra miniature robotic systems and nano-mechanical devices will be the biomolecular electro-mechanical hardware of future biomedical applications.
Keywords Nanoparticles, Nanorobots, Components, Drug Delivery Systems, Medical Nanorobots, Applications
7.
ANTI HEPATOTOXIC EFFECTOF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF SOLANUM TORVUMANDPIPER LONGUMLINN ON CCL4 INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS
A comparative analysis in evaluating the antihepatotoxic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Solanumtorvum (STE) andPiper longum(PLE) seeds with their combination Biherbal extract (BHE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage is reported in albino rats. The three ethanolic extracts at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight each were administered to three different groups of rats orally once daily for 14 days. The degree of liver protection was determined by estimating the levels of serum marker enzymes such as Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate amino transferase, Alkaline phosphatase,Acid phosphatase,Lactate dehydrogenase, γ-Glutamyltransferase and 5’Nucleotidase. The biochemical parameters like total protein, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and urea were also estimated. There was marked elevation of serum marker enzyme levels in CCl4 treated rats, which were restored towards normalization in these drug treated animals. The biochemical parameters were also restored towards normal levels. The combined BHE has shown more significant reduction of these enzymes than STE or PLE against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. The results strongly indicate that BHE has more potent hepatoprotective action than STE or PLE individuallyagainst CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats. Among these extracts, BHE showed similar hepatoprotective action to silymarin, which was the positive control in this study
Keywords Biherbal extract (BHE), Carbon tetra chloride, Hepatoprotective, Silymarin. Keywords Nanoparticles, Nanorobots, Components, Drug Delivery Systems, Medical Nanorobots, Applications
